{"id":856,"date":"2023-10-10T16:07:17","date_gmt":"2023-10-10T16:07:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wearpartsweb.com\/?p=856"},"modified":"2025-03-20T14:54:23","modified_gmt":"2025-03-20T14:54:23","slug":"green-manure-cover-cropping-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/green-manure-cover-cropping-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Green Manure: A guide to cover cropping"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>As fall arrives across the US, the Midwest and other crop-producing states are preparing for harvest and thinking ahead to the winter months \u2013 which means sowing winter wheat, and also cover crops.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1029\/2022GL100249\">Research<\/a> shows that cover crop adoption in the US has increased dramatically over the last decade, with 2021 levels at four time what they were in 2011 \u2013 but overall, cover crop adoption remains low at just 7.2% of available cropland.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The recent increase in cover crop planting has been attributed to federal and state incentives for farmers \u2013 for example, the USDA\u2019s Environmental Quality Incentives Program, which invested over $14 billion in conservation practices from 2010 to 2020.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But with many farmers still choosing not to plant cover crops despite their potential benefits for the soil, we\u2019re taking a closer look at an ancient farming practice that is coming back into fashion today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/iStock-1334886252-1-1-1-1-1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Scattered seeds and emerging sprouts from the soil illustrating the initial stage of green manure cover cropping for healthier farm yields\" class=\"wp-image-857\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/iStock-1334886252-1-1-1-1-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/iStock-1334886252-1-1-1-1-1-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/iStock-1334886252-1-1-1-1-1-64x43.jpg 64w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/iStock-1334886252-1-1-1-1-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/iStock-1334886252-1-1-1-1-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/iStock-1334886252-1-1-1-1-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is a cover crop?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A cover crop is any crop that is planted in between \u2018cash crops\u2019 with the main goal of protecting or nourishing the soil.&nbsp; Unlike cash crops, cover crops do not get harvested or sold \u2013 they are terminated at a specific point in their growing cycle and typically incorporated back into the soil either mechanically or naturally, although some are used as forage for animals.&nbsp; Cover crops can also be referred to as \u2018green manure\u2019.&nbsp; Ancient Chinese and Greek manuscripts suggest that the use of green manure has been around for thousands of years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What are the benefits of cover cropping?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Planting a cover crop has numerous benefits for the soil and therefore, for future yields when cover crops are followed by cash crops like corn or soybeans. Here\u2019s a look at the key benefits:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <em>Prevention of soil erosion<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In all but the southern states, winter weather typically brings with it harsh conditions involving wind, rain, snow and ice that can wreak havoc on exposed soil.&nbsp; A 2022 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/news\/article\/midwestern-us-has-lost-576-billion-metric-tons-soil-due-agricultural-practices#:~:text=A%20new%20study%20in%20the,millimeters%20of%20soil%20per%20year.\">study<\/a> by the University of Massachusetts Amherst found that farms in the US breadbasket have lost on average 2mm of soil per year since the land was settled 160 years ago \u2013 that adds up to 57.6 billion metric tons of soil.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cover crops act as protection that prevents erosion \u2013 surface vegetation prevents soil being lifted by wind or washed away by surface runoff, while root structures bind the top layer of soil together and absorb excess water, reducing the risk of waterlogging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <em>Enhanced soil fertility<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Cover crops are designed to be incorporated into the soil after they are terminated \u2013 either by being mechanically chopped and tilled in, or simply being left to decompose on the surface.&nbsp; Either way, they add much-needed organic matter to the soil which can enhance its ability to retain moisture and nutrients.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s common to use nitrogen fixing crops such as legumes as cover crops.&nbsp; Nitrogen fixing plants have roots that are colonized by organisms that can trap and store atmospheric nitrogen.&nbsp; When plowed into the earth, these plants are excellent at replacing the nitrogen that is removed by many cash crops, such as corn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <em>Weed management<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Following harvest, it\u2019s incredible how quickly weeds can colonize a field.&nbsp; The difference between allowing weeds to cover the soil and deliberately planting a cover crop is that the farmer can control the outcome ahead of spring planting.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While many weed species can drain the soil of nitrogen and other nutrients, as well as being extremely difficult to get rid of once established, cover crops are specifically selected because they\u2019re easy to manage and good for the soil.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By their very definition, cover crops provide excellent soil coverage which prevents weed seeds from germinating \u2013 meaning that in spring, there\u2019s less work to do to get the main crop in the ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/farm-green-crop-extraction-yield-1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Farming vehicle with rotating blades preparing to cultivate the soil, highlighting a step in the cover cropping process for enhanced yield\" class=\"wp-image-859\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/farm-green-crop-extraction-yield-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/farm-green-crop-extraction-yield-1-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/farm-green-crop-extraction-yield-1-64x43.jpg 64w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/farm-green-crop-extraction-yield-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/farm-green-crop-extraction-yield-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/farm-green-crop-extraction-yield-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What are the challenges of cover cropping?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Like any planting cycle, cover cropping involves additional work and demands that farmers pay even closer attention to the timing of their planting and harvesting cycles in order to get the maximum benefit of a cover crop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cover crop seeds also cost money, and some farmers may feel that the benefits can be matched by applying artificial fertilizers, especially if they live in an area where soil erosion is less of a problem.&nbsp; Cover cropping may also incur additional costs for farm labor, fuel and equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A big barrier to the use of cover cropping is lack of knowledge and perceived risks.&nbsp; Although this method has been around for generations, it has fallen out of favor in the last century and therefore farmers may not feel confident in trying something that is new to them and their land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What are the main types of cover crop in the US?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There are three main groups of plants that are typically used as cover crops in the US:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Type<\/td><td>Examples<\/td><td>Benefits<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Grasses<\/td><td>Rye<br>Barley<br>Sorghum hybrids (sudangrass)<br><\/td><td>Fast growing<br>Easy to manage residues<br>Can be used as forage<br>Fibrous roots bind the soil<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Legumes<\/td><td>White\/Crimson Clover<br>Cowpeas<br>Hairy Vetch<br>Alfalfa<br><\/td><td>Can fix nitrogen from the air<br>Taproots improve compacted soil<br>Good organic matter<br>Can be used as forage<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Broadleaf non-legumes<\/td><td>Brassicas<br>Radishes<br>Mustard<br>Buckwheat<br><\/td><td>Good for improving soil structure<br>Store soil nitrogen<br>Can be used as forage<br>Can deter pests<br><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Which cover crop should I plant?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The type of cover crop selected will depend on the soil type and environmental conditions, but also on the type of cash crop the farmer wishes to grow next.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, grass cover crops are often used where soil erosion is a problem \u2013 for example in locations where heavy wind and rain is a problem \u2013 and where the subsequent crop requires a good soil structure and little weed competition, such as corn and soybeans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Corn and soybeans are also fairly demanding on soil nutrients, so a farmer who is less worried about soil erosion and more worried about fertilizer costs might opt to plant legumes over winter before putting in his spring corn or soybeans.&nbsp; Legumes are also ideal cover prior to vegetable crops like peppers and tomatoes, which need a lot of nutrients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Broadleaf non-legumes are often used as cover on mixed farms where they are a useful source of forage for livestock, but they also have disease and pest reducing properties that make them a useful cover crop prior to the planting of tender vegetables including lettuce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"677\" src=\"https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/broadleaf-non-legumes-1-1024x677.jpg\" alt=\"Broadleaf non-legumes\" class=\"wp-image-869\" style=\"width:839px;height:undefinedpx\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/broadleaf-non-legumes-1-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/broadleaf-non-legumes-1-600x397.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/broadleaf-non-legumes-1-64x42.jpg 64w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/broadleaf-non-legumes-1-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/broadleaf-non-legumes-1-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wearpartsllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/broadleaf-non-legumes-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What happens to cover crops in spring?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Prior to planting of the main cash crop, cover crops are typically \u2018terminated\u2019.&nbsp; This can be done by mowing or tilling, use of herbicides or sometimes simply by turning livestock into the field where they will eat the crop and fertilize the soil with their manure. Some cover crops will die back naturally when the coldest winter weather arrives, and can easily be tilled into the soil before planting season begins in spring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Termination of cover crops is timed carefully to ensure the plants have achieved optimal maturity \u2013 where they have accumulated enough organic matter to enrich the soil, and usually before they go to seed.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tools for the task include vertical tillage blades, high speed compact discs and coulter blades.\u00a0 The type of equipment used will depend on the cover crop \u2013 fibrous grasses typically demand a more aggressive approach and will decompose more slowly than legumes, so the approach to residue management may be different.\u00a0 Whatever your requirements, Wearparts can offer a quality alternative to OEM parts, with options to suit all machinery brands and soil types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>More information on cover crops<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For more information about cover crops and available incentive schemes in your area, visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrcs.usda.gov\/programs-initiatives\/eqip-environmental-quality-incentives\">USDA website<\/a>.&nbsp; For advice on tillage tools to enhance your crop rotation, <a href=\"https:\/\/wearpartsweb.com\/crop-residue-management-essentail-tools-for-the-job\/\">manage residues<\/a> and tackle soil quality challenges, get in touch with Wearparts directly or find your nearest Wearparts dealer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As fall arrives across the US, the Midwest and other crop-producing states are preparing for harvest and thinking ahead to the winter months \u2013 which means sowing winter wheat, and also cover crops. Research shows that cover crop adoption in the US has increased dramatically over the last decade, with 2021 levels at four time [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":857,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Green Manure: A Guide to Cover Cropping | Wearparts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the untapped potential of cover crops in US farming and how they can significantly boost main crop yields on your farm. 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